I.  TERMS
        1. Growth- Irreversible increase in size

2. Development-

Morphogenesis - Morphological and anatomical development
Differentiation - Physiological and biochemical specialization of plant tissues

3. Metabolism- Synthesis an degradation of organic compounds

Anabolism - Synthesis
Catabolism - Degradation

1. Photosynthesis
                                    _Chloroplast
12H₂O + 6CO₂ + Light ^Clorophyll >C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
(water)+ (Carbon Dioxide)+(energy)------->  (Carboydrate)+(oxygen)+(water)
2. Metabolism
                              _Cytoplasm
C₆H₁₂O₆ + Mineral  ^Enzymes > Various organic compounds
(Carbohydrate) + (fertilizer)----> (Protiens, fats, starch, hormones, vit, etc.)
3. Respiration
                                        _Mitochondria
Organic compounds + O₂ ^Enzymes > CO₂ + H₂O + Energy + Mineral
(Substates)             (oxygen)                                          (ATP)     (inorganic)
energy source

The energy released fron respiration is used for growth and development

          The process of producing carbohyrates from CO₂ and water by using light energy in the presence of chlorophyll.  Takes place in the chloroplast.
        1. Light Phase of Photosynthesis

     Photolysis-cleavage of water intao hydrogen and oxygen by light (Hill Reaction
     
 

     Photophosphorylation- Conversion of ADP to ATP by light energy
            

 
 

      Sum:   conversion of light energy to chemical energy
      

 2. Dark Phase of Photosynthesis

     The Calvin Cycle- a series of enzymaticaly mediated reactions in which CO₂ is reduced to 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (3PGA) and the CO₂ receptor (ribulose biphosphate, RUBP) is generated
 

                  
 
 

                                     _Chloroplast
12H₂O + 6CO₂ + Light ^Clorophyll >C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

               The C₄ Pathway
                - Occurs in C₄ plants (tropical grasses, corn, sugarcane, some dicots like amaranth, atriplex)
                - The first product of CO₂ fixation is C₄ acids
                - Both the Calvin Cycle and C₄  pathway operate
                - Lacks photorespiration

        4. Photorespiration
                The process of respiration that consumes oxygen and releases CO₂ in the presence of light
            -Consumes the reducing power to reduce O₂ to CO₂
                 -Does not produce ATP
                 -Reduces photosynthetic efficiency
                 -Occurs in C₃ plants

5. Carbon Dioxide Compensation Point
     A steady state of CO₂ concentration in the air at which CO₂ taken up by plants via photosynthesis is the same as the CO₂ given off via respiration
     - At CO₂  compensation point, no growth occurs
     - Below compensation point, plants will degrade
     - C₃ plants have higher CO₂ compensation points than the C₄ plants
      CO₂  Compensation points
        Soybean (C₃ plant)-----50ppm at 25° C
        Corn (C₄ plant)---------10ppm at 25°C
                Ambient CO₂------300ppm (0.03%)
    - Same principles apple to light compensation points
       Net Photosynthesis (PHS) = Gross PHS - Respiration

        1. Plant Nutrients

    -16 elements
      Macro nutrients:  N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, C, O, H
      Micro nutrients:   B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn

2. Ability to Manufacture Food
    - Most green plants are autotrophic
Autotrophic- Capable of manufacturing its own food from minerals
Heterotrophic- Incapable of manufacturing its own food, so the plant must depend on other sources for organic matter
                      (immature embryo, dodder, human)

3. Nutrient and Water Movement
    -Diffusion- Movement of molecules (substance) from a region of high concentration to the region of low concentration
    -Osmosis- Diffusion of water through differentially permeable membrane
    -Translocation- Movement of inorganic and organic solutes from one part of plant to another
                          - Water conduction and mineral movement via xylem
                          - Carbohydrate translocation through phloem
    -Transpiration- loss of water vapor from the leaf via Stomata
    -Evaporation- liquid water turns into water vapor
    -Evapotraspiration- Evaporation and transpiration

        1. The Reverse of Photosynthesis
         The process of releasing energy, carbon dioxide and water by oxidation of organic compounds

                C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂         >6H₂O + 6CO₂ + Energy

2. Chemical Processes
    Glycolysis- conversion of C₆ sugars to CO₂ and Pyruvic acid
     Citric acid cycle (Kreb Cycle)- oxydation of Pyruvic acid to H⁺ , e^-, and CO₂ in mitochondria
3. The Q₁₀
     -The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10° C (18° F)
     - Respiration can be reduced by lowering 0₂ and increasing CO₂ concentration

     Application
     - CO₂ storage of apples, pears
     - Hypobaric storage of fruits and flowers
             lower atmospheric pressure (vacuum)
             lower temperature
 

            Synthesis and degradation of organic compounds

            Anabolism- synthesis process

            Catabolism- Degradation or breakdown process (occurs in cytoplasm)

VII.  PLANT CONSTITUENTS

       1. Carbohydrates
             -Monosaccharides- simple carbohydrated (C₅ Pentase, C₆ hexose)
             -Disaccharides- C₁₂ {i.e. maltose (glu-glu), sucrose (glu-fru)}
             -Olygosaccharides- 1-10 monosaccarides linked together
             -Polysaccharides- starch (poly glu), cellulose (poly glu), insulin hemicellulose

       2. Lipids
             -phospholipids, fats, waxes

        3. Proteins
             -structural, soluble (enzymes)
        4. Other Organic Compounds
           Aromatic compounds (vanillin, flavonoids, etc.)
           Terpenoids and steroids (brassinolids, GA metabolites)
           Non-protein nitrogen compounds (DNA, RNA, bases)
           Vitamins (Vitamin C, thiamin B, provitamin A, etc.)
           Others
           Pharmaceuticals [taxol (pacific yew), Echinacin, ginsengoside]