Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that significantly interfere with daily functioning or development. There are three subtypes: predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined presentation. Individuals with the inattentive subtype, often referred to as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), struggle with sustaining attention, organizing tasks, and may appear forgetful. The hyperactive-impulsive subtype involves excessive fidgeting, restlessness, impulsivity, and difficulty waiting one's turn. The combined presentation includes a combination of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. ADHD typically emerges in childhood and can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Diagnosis is based on specific criteria outlined in diagnostic manuals, and treatment may involve behavioral interventions, psychoeducation, and in some cases, medication.

Effects in the Classroom

1.    Difficulty Sustaining Attention: Students with ADHD may struggle to maintain focus on lectures, discussions, or readings. They may find it challenging to concentrate for extended periods, leading to missed information and decreased comprehension.
2.    Impulsivity: Impulsivity is a common trait in individuals with ADHD. This can manifest as impulsive responses, difficulty waiting for turns, and making hasty decisions without considering the consequences. In a classroom setting, this may lead to disruptions or inappropriate behavior.
3.    Organization and Time Management: ADHD can affect organizational skills and time management. Students may have difficulty keeping track of assignments, deadlines, and class materials. This can result in missed assignments or procrastination.
4.    Forgetfulness: Forgetfulness is a common symptom of ADHD. Students may forget to bring necessary materials to class, overlook assignments, or struggle with remembering important information discussed in lectures.
5.    Hyperactivity and Restlessness: While not everyone with ADHD is hyperactive, for those who are, sitting still for long periods can be challenging. Restlessness may make it difficult for students to stay seated and engaged during lectures or quiet study sessions.
6.    Difficulty with Task Initiation: Initiating tasks, especially those perceived as boring or challenging, can be problematic for individuals with ADHD. This may lead to delays in starting assignments or studying.
7.    Executive Functioning Challenges: ADHD often involves difficulties in executive functioning, including planning, organizing, and prioritizing tasks. This can impact a student's ability to manage complex assignments and projects.
8.    Time Perception Issues: ADHD can affect one's perception of time, leading to a lack of awareness of how much time has passed. This can result in students underestimating the time needed for tasks or assignments.

How Faculty Can Support Students with ADHD/ADD

1.    Varied Teaching Methods: Incorporate a variety of teaching methods, such as visual aids, interactive activities, and hands-on exercises, to cater to diverse learning styles and help keep students engaged.
2.    Clear and Structured Instructions: Provide clear and structured instructions for assignments and tasks. Break down complex information into smaller, manageable steps, making it easier for all students to follow.
3.    Organized Course Materials: Keep course materials well-organized and accessible. Clearly outline the course structure, assignment due dates, and any important announcements. This helps all students, including those with potential executive functioning challenges associated with ADHD.
4.    Frequent Check-Ins: Regularly check in with students to assess their understanding of the material and address any questions or concerns. This allows you to gauge the progress of all students and provide additional support as needed.
5.    Flexible Assignment Options: Consider offering flexible assignment options, such as alternative formats or timelines, to accommodate diverse learning needs. This flexibility can benefit students facing challenges without singling out those with ADHD.
6.    Encourage Note-Taking Strategies: Encourage note-taking strategies such as providing lecture outlines or allowing the use of recording devices. These practices can benefit students who may struggle with attention and organization.
7.    Create a Positive Learning Environment: Foster a positive and inclusive classroom atmosphere. Establish clear expectations for behavior and encourage a culture of respect and understanding among students. This helps create an environment where all students feel supported.
8.    Utilize Technology: Leverage technology to enhance the learning experience. This may include providing online resources, interactive platforms, or utilizing educational apps that can engage students and support their learning.
9.    Offer Office Hours: Make yourself available for office hours to provide additional support or clarification on course material. Students who may face challenges can benefit from one-on-one interactions.
10.    Accessibility Considerations: Be mindful of accessibility considerations in the classroom, such as seating arrangements and ensuring that materials are accessible to all students.

Current Medication Shortages and the Effect on Students with ADHD/ADD

The current medication shortage is posing significant challenges for students with ADHD/ADD in higher education classrooms. Many individuals with ADHD rely on medications, such as stimulants like Adderall or Ritalin, to manage symptoms and enhance focus. The shortage of these medications can disrupt the consistent treatment needed for academic success. Students who are unable to access their prescribed medications may experience difficulties with attention, impulse control, and organization, directly impacting their performance in the classroom. This shortage adds an additional layer of stress for students who are already navigating the academic challenges associated with ADHD. 
The withdrawal effects of not having ADHD/ADD medications, particularly stimulants like Adderall or Ritalin, can also significantly impact students' classroom performance. Abrupt cessation of these medications may lead to increased fatigue, making it difficult for individuals to stay alert and engaged during lectures. Concentration and focus may wane, hindering their ability to follow coursework, complete assignments, and actively participate in class discussions. Emotional stability may be compromised, with irritability, mood swings, and heightened impulsivity affecting interpersonal interactions. Sleep disturbances can exacerbate the challenges, leading to difficulties in maintaining a regular sleep schedule. Overall, the absence of these medications can result in decreased motivation, increased anxiety, and a notable impact on cognitive and behavioral aspects crucial for effective learning.