Multilayer Analysis of Energy Networks

Muhammad Kazim, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States

Harun Pirim, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States

Shuomang Shi, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States

Di Wu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States

Abstract

Modern interconnected and vulnerable energy infrastructures highlight the critical need for resilience and robustness to maintain the functioning of modern societies amidst growing environmental and operational challenges. This study introduces both multilayer and multiplex network analysis of Belgium’s electricity and gas systems, addressing the complex interdependence inherent in such infrastructure. The resilience is evaluated through random and targeted disruptions, while the robustness is assessed by employing the Molloy–Reed criteria for structural integrity and setting minimum operational thresholds for continuity. Multiplex layer similarities are assessed and subnetworks are identified. The coverage evolution metric quantifies the network’s adaptability under various disruption scenarios. Belgium’s energy infrastructure is used as a case study to uncover critical nodes from different centrality perspectives whose stability is essential for overall network resilience and identify vulnerabilities to disruptions, whether random or targeted. Our insights into the structural robustness, cluster cohesion, and Navigability of energy networks pave the way for more informed decisions in energy infrastructure planning and complex systems management, offering valuable lessons that can be applied globally.