I. SPECIALIZED STRUCTURED

    Bulbs
    Corms
    Tubers
    Tuberous Roots
    Rhizomes
    Stolens - runners
    Pseudobulbs (orchids)
    Offsets

II. BULBS

    A. Bulb -a specialized underground organ consisting of a basal plate,
                  growing points, flower primordia, and fleshy scales

            -Functions as food storage and reproductive structure
            -Found in monocots
            -Bulblets -miniature bulbs produced on scales, stems
             Bulbils -aerial bulblets
             Stem bulblets -underground bulbils produced on stem

    B. Types of Bulbs

            1) Tunicate bulbs (Laminate bulbs)
                -Outer bulb scales are dry and membranous
                    the tunic or covering protects from drying and mechanical injury
                -Fleshy scales are in continuous, concentric rings (lamina)
                -Onions, garlic, daffodil, tulip, amaryllis, narcissus
            2) Nontunicate bulbs
                -Scaly bulbs with a basal plate, scales, shoot primordia
                -Scales are modified leaves
                -Easter lily, other Lilium species
                -Propagated by scales (takes 3 years)

    C. Propagation

            1) Offsets
                -Tulips, daffodils, lilies
                -Bulbs grown from bulblets
            2) Stem bulblets
                -Lilies
                -Underground bulblets
                  Aerial bulblets (bulbils)
            3)Scales
                -Easter lily
            4)Basal sections
                -Use of scooping, scoring, or sectioning

III. CORMS

    A. A corm is the swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by dry, scale-like leaves
            -distinctive nodes and internodes
            -cormels -stolon-like structures of miniature corm

    B. Species
            -gladiolus, crocus
    C. Propagation
            1) use of cormels
            2) division of corms
                -sectioning

IV. TUBERS

    A. A tuber is a swollen, modified stem structure that functions as an
            underground organ

    B. Species
            -potato, caladium, jerusalem artichoke, yam

    C. Propagation
            1) by division--- 'eyes' or nodal shoot buds must be present on the cut sections

V. TUBEROUS ROOTS

    A. Enlarged secondary roots that are storage organs

    B. Fleshy tuberous roots
            -sweet potato, cassava, dahlia

VI. TUBEROUS STEMS

    A. Tuberous begonia, cyclamen
            enlarged hypocotyl section of the seedling plant

VII. RHIZOMES

    A. Horizontally grown underground stems
            -pachymorph ----- thick, fleshy (iris, ginger)
            -leptomorph ------ slender, long (lily-of-the-valley)
            -mesomorph ------ intermediate

VIII. PSEUDOBULBS
    A. Storage structure found in orchids