GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION II
I. Composition
1. Essay questions (8 questions, 5 points each)...........................................
40 points.
2. Short answers, matching or fill-in type (14 questions,
various points)....... 40 points
3. Multiple choice and true/false (10 questions,
2 points each).....................20 points
Total 100 points
II. Suggested Areas of Study
A. Methods of Seed Propagation (Chapter 8, lecture notes)
1. List four parameters used
in seed testing?
2. List four different ways
by which seed viability is determined and explain each with examples.
3. Why does a red color
develop in the viable seed tissues when they are exposed to triphenyl tetrazolium
chloride (TTC) during
water imbibition?
4. Discuss three different
ways of scarifying seeds.
5. What type of seed dormancy
is overcome by scarification?
6. Outline the procedures
of stratifying deciduous woody plant seeds by refrigeration.
7. Discuss the natural way
of stratifying seeds using the outdoor planting procedure.
8. List growth regulators
and other chemical stimulants used to enhance seed germination.
9. What is meant by seed
priming?
10. Outline procedures for
priming seeds by an osmotically adjusted solution and organic solvent infusion
method.
11. Describe how seeds can
be protected against pathogens: use of disinfestants, disinfectants, protectants.
12. Define 4 different stages
of seedling development in plug production.
B. Selection and Management of Clones in Vegetative Propagation (Chapter 9, Lectures)
1. What are the advantages
of vegetative propagation over seed propagation?
2. Why are apples, pears
and peaches commonly propagated by grafting rather than by cutting?
3. Show, with gene symbols,
how asexual propagation differs from seed propagation in the segregation
of certain traits.
4. What would you expect
if 'Red Delicious' apple and 'Bartlett' pear are propagated by seed?
5. What would be the disadvantage
of monoclonal plantations?
6. Show how you can shorten
time required from planting to maturity by vegetative propagation.
7. Know how long it takes
to flower orchids from seed and from protocorm culture.
8. Define, with illustration
if necessary, the following terms used in vegetative propagation: ramet,
ortet, true-to-type, off-type.
9. Contrast genetic variation
vs. epigenic variation.
10. What is meant by phenotypic
variation and periphysis?
11. What is cyclophysis?
Define homoblastic phase change and heteroblasic phase change.
12. Draw a mature tree and
designate the relative degree of juvenility and maturity on different parts
of the tree.
13. Show how the `hormonal
exhaustion' concept for the cause of juvenility can be demonstrated by
certain grafting combinations
of Hedera helix (English ivy).
14. Suggest ways by which
plants can be rejuvenated.
15. What is meant by topophysis?
Explain it with an example.
16. List four different
types of changes that cause mutations in plants.
17. Contrast point mutation
vs. chromosomal changes.
18. What is a sport and
how does it occur?
19. List causal agents for
mutation induction.
20. Define a chimera.
21. Why is the origin of
chimera always traced back to the meristematic growing point?
22. Distinguish, with illustration,
different types of chimera: periclinal, mericlinal, sectoral.
23. Draw the longitudinal
section of a meristematic region and show the locations of four different
histogenic layers (L1, L2, L3, L4).
24. Know which parts (epidermis,
gametes, roots, internal tissues) will show mutant characteristics if genetic
changes occurred in a
meristem at different histogenic layers.
25. Why are certain plants
of periclinal chimera not visually detectable?
26. Contrast chimera and
plants of genetic variegation caused by transposible elements (jumping
genes).
27. Illustrate and explain
how one can construct a chimeric plant by grafting.
28. Show how a virus infected
plant can be `cleaned.'
29. Why is tissue culture
used as a means of eliminating viruses?
30. Discuss plant quarantine
procedures for vegetatively propagated plant materials.
31. Difference between plant
patents and plant variety protection act.
C. The Biology of Propagation by Cuttings (Chapter 10, Lectures)
1. What is meant by totipotency?
2. What is meant by dedifferentiation?
3. What is an adventitious
root?
4. Four stages of de
novo adventitious root formation.
5. Describe how roots form
in response to wounding.
6. Draw a cross section
of a herbaceous plant stem and show vascular bundles, cortex tissue and
sites of adventitious root initiation.
7. Draw a cross section
of a woody stem and indicate the site of adventitious root primordia formation.
8. Relationship between
callusing and adventitious root formation.
9. Know kinds of cuttings:
stem cuttings, leaf-bud cuttings, root cuttings, leaf cuttings.
10. Name plants that can
be propagated by leaf cuttings with primary meristems.
11. Know three plants that
can be propagated by leaf cuttings via secondary meristems.
12. Site of bud formation
on root cuttings.
13. Why some plants generated
from root cuttings show a mutant phenotype more readily than those generated
form stem cuttings?
14. How can you demonstrate
there is a polarity effect on rooting cuttings?
15. Define a phytohormone
and a plant growth regulator.
16. Know the functions of
auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene in rooting
of cuttings.
17. List three different
auxin compounds and show their relative stability.
18. Know names of a natural
cytokinin, and two synthetic cytokinins.
19. How can you demonstrate
the fact that buds present a stem cutting stimulates rooting and that auxin
is involved in root formation.
20. Know factors that affect
the success of cutting: environmental, physiological, timing and plant
materials.
D. Techniques of Propagation by Cuttings (Chapter 11, Lectures)
1. Know the advantage and
proper time of using hardwood cuttings in plant propagation.
2. Know the types of hardwood
cuttings: straight, heel, mallet.
3. Contrast the difference
between semi-hardwood cutting and softwood cutting.
4. Reason why the presence
of leaf on herbaceous cuttings is beneficial.
5. Describe, with illustration,
procedures for propagating African violets by leaf cutting.
6. What is meant by single-eye
nodal cuttings and double-eye nodal cuttings?
7. Know the directions of
distal and proximal ends in the stem and root cuttings.
8. Name 5 plants that can
be propagated by root cuttings.
9. Discuss how stock plants
can be manipulated in order to enhance rooting of cuttings obtained from
them.
10. Know proper conditions
for rooting media.
11. List 3 plants that respond
well to wounding during cutting propagation.
12. Illustrate the procedure
for preparing a one-liter solution of 2,000 ppm IBA in 50% ethanol.
13. Advantages and disadvantages
of using the powder and liquid forms of rooting hormone.
14. Know different methods
of rooting hormone application for cutting: a) use of powder form, b) the
quick-dip method, c) soaking,
d) tooth-pick method.
15. Procedures for using
surface disinfectants and fungicides during cutting propagation.
16. Why is bottom heat beneficial
during cutting propagation?
17. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of the mist systems and fogging system in cutting propagation.
18. List two algicides used
in cutting propagation.
19. What do you know about
fertilizer requirements during cutting propagation?