PLSC368 - Plant Propagation
Spring Semester, 2004
Final Exam: Friday, May 14, 2004 (8:00 a.m.-8:30 a.m.)
GUIDELINES FOR FINAL EXAMINATION
I. COMPOSITION
The final exam (100 points, 50 questions) will be composed of multiple-choices, short answers, and matching- type questions.
II. SUGGESTED AREAS OF STUDY
A. Old Materials: One question from each Chapter (1 through 11)
B. Techniques of Grafting (Chapter 12, Lectures)
1. Discuss three different types of incompatibility that lead to failure in grafting.
2. Show how the use of interstock can overcome incompatibility between stock and scion.
3. Discus each of the five requirements that have to be met in successful grafting.
4. Describe, with illustration, the method of whip-and-tongue grafting.
5. Describe, with illustration, the method of splice grafting.
6. Describe, with illustration, the method of side grafting.
7. What is meant by side-veneer graft and where is it used?
8. Distinguish the difference between cleft graft and wedge graft with illustrations.
9. Show how a bark graft is made.
10. Describe the difference between approach graft and inarching.
11. Show problems that might be encountered by topworking of fruit trees.
C. Techniques of Budding (Chapter 13, Lectures)
1. List and explain each of the five requirements for successful budding.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of budding as compared to grafting.
3. When is the best time of year for budding?
4. Best time for budding can be in the fall, spring or summer. What determines the time of budding?
5. Contrast the T-budding vs. the inverted T-budding and explain why the inverted T-budding is practiced.
6. Explain the patch budding with an illustration.
7. Using a drawing, show the difference between flute budding and ring budding.
8. What is a chip budding? How does it differ from the T-budding?
9. What is meant by topbudding and when is it used?
10. What is meant by ‘double-working by budding’ how is it accomplished?
11. What is meant by microbudding and micrografting and why are they practiced?
12. Describe differences between the grafting of woody plants and the herbaceous grafting.
13. Show and explain examples of the herbaceous grafting method used in horticulture.
D. Layering and Its Natural Modifications (Chapter 14, Lectures)
1. What is meant by layering?
2. Describe five factors that affect the success of layering.
3. Why is layering used instead of other means of propagation?
4. What are the disadvantages of practicing layering in plant propagation
5. Explain, with illustrations, six different types of layering used in horticulture: tip layering, simple layering, serpentine layering, air layering, mound layering, trench layering.
6. Give names of plants that can be propagated by each of the six different layering methods.
E. Propagation by Specialized Stems and Roots (Chapter 15, lectures, lab exercise)
1. Contrast bulbs vs. corms.
2. What is the difference between a tuber and a tuberous root.
3. Contrast the difference between rhizome and stolon.
4. What is a pseudo-bulb and what is its function?
5. Difference between the monopodial and sympodial growth habits of orchid with examples.
6 What is meant by a backbulb used in orchid propagation?
7. Know the general procedure for dividing sympodial orchids.
8. Explain the difference between tunicate bulb and nontunicate bulb with examples.
9. What is the difference between bulblets and bulbils?.
10. What is an offset and where is it found?
11. What are scales? Where are they found?
12. Briefly describe methods of propagating bulbs and corms by scooping, scoring, and sectioning.
F. Principles and Practices of Clonal Selection (Chapter 16, Lectures)
1. What are the advantages of vegetative propagation over seed propagation?
2. Why are apples, pears and peaches commonly propagated by grafting rather than by cutting?
3. Show, with gene symbols, how asexual propagation differs from seed propagation in the segregation of certain traits.
4. What would you expect if ‘Red Delicious’ apple and ‘Bartlett’ pear are propagated by seed?
5. What would be the disadvantage of monoclonal plantations?
6. Show how you can shorten time required from planting to maturity by vegetative propagation.
7. Know how long it takes to flower orchids from seed and from protocorm culture.
8. Define, with illustration if necessary, the following terms used in vegetative propagation: ramet, ortet, true-to-type, off-type.
9. Contrast genetic variation vs. epigenic variation.
10. What is meant by phenotypic variation and periphysis?
11. What is cyclophysis? Define homoblastic phase change and heteroblasic phase change.
12. Draw a mature tree and designate the relative degree of juvenility and maturity on different parts of the tree.
13. Show how the `hormonal exhaustion' concept for the cause of juvenility can be demonstrated by certain grafting combinations of Hedera helix (English ivy).
14. Suggest ways by which plants can be rejuvenated.
15. What is meant by topophysis? Explain it with an example.
16. List four different types of changes that cause mutations in plants.
17. Contrast point mutation vs. chromosomal changes.
18. What is a sport and how does it occur?
19. List causal agents for mutation induction.
20. Define a chimera.
21. Why is the origin of chimera always traced back to the meristematic growing point?
22. Distinguish, with illustration, different types of chimera: periclinal, mericlinal, sectoral.
23. Draw the longitudinal section of a meristematic region and show the locations of four different histogenic layers (L1, L2, L3, L4).
24. Know which parts (epidermis, gametes, roots, internal tissues) will show mutant characteristics if genetic changes occurred in a meristem at different histogenic layers.
25. Why are certain plants of periclinal chimera not visually detectable?
26. Contrast chimera and plants of genetic variegation caused by transposible elements (jumping genes).
27. Illustrate and explain how one can construct a chimeric plant by grafting.
28. Show how a virus infected plant can be `cleaned.'
29. Why is tissue culture used as a means of eliminating viruses?
30. Discuss plant quarantine procedures for vegetatively propagated plant materials.
31. Difference between plant patents and plant variety protection act.