FOREWORD
for the 55th Flax Institute of the United States
Dedication and Acknowledgement
This 55th Proceedings of the Flax Institute is dedicated to the members from the United
States and Canada, principally, but also from a few other countries who have met to exchange
ideas and discuss research results now since 1931, over 60 years.
The members of the Flax Institute were mostly plant and soil scientists, oil chemists, and
members of the paints and coatings industry in previous years but recently and very rapidly our
membership has included a growing number of food scientists and nutritionists, animal scientists,
and some medical doctors. The cooperation, exchange of ideas, and especially the free and
generous exchange of ideas and germplasm among the flax breeders has been unique and
noteworthy among members of the Flax Institute. It is hoped that this free communication and
cooperation in research will continue long into the future.
Further, the generous support of flax producers, i.e., farmers, is acknowledged as they tax
themselves with a levy to support research and promotion of their product in a crop having
relatively small production and significant lack of a strong commodity organization to "lobby"
their interests in the legislatures and industry.
At this Flax Institute, Jack Carter was made an Honorary Life Member of Flax Growers
Western Canada for which they are thanked, especially their member Dennis McIntosh.
J. F. Carter
April, 1994
PROCEEDINGS of the 55th
FLAX INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED STATES
Doublewood Inn, Fargo, North Dakota
January 26-28, 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
FLAXSEED FOR FOOD AND FEED POTENTIAL AND THERAPEUTIC VALUES
Status of Nutrition Research Using High-ALA Flaxseed, and
THE BOOK, "Flaxseed in Human Nutrition". Stephen Cunnane,
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
Univ. of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Omega 3 Deficiencies in Humans. Ralph T. Holman, Hormel Institute,
University of Minnesota, Austin, MN (Home: 1403 Second Ave.
S.W., Austin, Mn 55912) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Improving Atherogenic Risk Factors with Flax Seed Bread. T. R. Watkins,
A. C. Tomeo, M. L. Struck, L. Palumbo and M. L. Bierenbaum, Kenneth L.
Jordan Research Group, 48 Plymouth St., Montclair, NJ 07042. . . . . 12
Stability of Flaxseed During Baking. Z-Y Chen, W. M. N. Ratnayake, and
S. C. Cunnane, Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health
Protection Branch, Health Canada, Banting Building, Tunney's Pasture,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2 and Department of Nutritional Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8. 24
Flaxseed and Mineral Metabolism in Rats. Susan M. Kaup2, S. C. Hight3,
S. M. Ahn4, and 5 J. I. Rader, 2 Office of Special Nutritionals, 3Office
of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages, 4Beltsville Technical Operations
and 5Office of Food Labelling, Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,
Food and Drug Administration, HFF 268, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 2070829
Flaxseed and Its Constituents in Experimental Renal Diseases. Anwar
Parbtani, PhD and William F. Clark, MD, Nutrition and Kidney Disease
Research Group, Department of Medicine, UWO and Victoria Hospital,
375 South Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 4G5 . . . . . . . . . 39
Anticarcinogenic Effect of a Mammalian Lignan Precursor From Flaxseed.
Lilian U. Thompson, Linda Orcheson, Sharon Rickard, and Maja Seidl,
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Corrective Effect of Ground Flaxseed or Oat Bran on Isulin Receptor
Binding. F.O. Aryee-Bohannon, D. C. McFarland, N. H. Ferrin, and
B. Patzlaff, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 . . 51
Fiber Flax Returns to Connecticut after 150 Years. George R. Stephens,
Department of Forestry and Horticulture, The Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06054 . . . . . . . . . 62
Evaluation of the Effect of n-3 Modified Eggs on the n-3 (Omega-3)
Nutritional Status and Plasma Lipids of Human Volunteers. Bruce Holub,
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, N1G 2W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Egg Yolk Marine-type Fatty Acid Content in Response to Graded Levels
of Dietary Flaxseed. M. E. Van Elswyk and W. M. Aymond, Department of
Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-247270
Volatile Compounds and Flavor of Eggs from Hens Fed Graded Levels of
Dietary Flaxseed. M. E. Van Elswyk and W. M. Aymond, Department of
Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-247274
Yolk Color and Oxidative Stability of Eggs from Hens Fed Graded Levels
of Flaxseed. M. E. Van Elswyk and W. M. Aymond, Department of Poultry
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472 . . . 81
Dietary Flaxseed for Poultry: Production Effects, Dietary Vitamin Levels,
Fatty Acid Incorporation Into Eggs and Sensory Analysis. Sheila E. Scheideler,
Department of Animal Science; Susan Cuppett and Glenn Froning, Department of
Food Science, University of Nebraska, IANR, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908. 87
Least Costing Flax into Poultry Rations. Sheila E. Scheideler, Department of
Animal Science, IANR, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908 96
Survey Results Regarding Increased Utilization of Flaxseed in the U.S. Baking
Industry. Jennifer L. Holstun and Dale F. Zetocha, Institute for Business and
Industrial Development, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 5810598
Potential Use of Flaxseed in Laying Hen Rations. Larry D. Stearns, Timothy A.
Petry, Jennifer Holstun, and Dale F. Zetocha, Department of Agricultural
Economics and Institute for Business and Industrial Development, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, ND 58105. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Alpha-Linolenic Acid for Designing Poultry Products for Human Consumption:
Canadian Designer Eggs and Nutritional Significance. Jeong S. Sim and G.
Cherian, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta T6G 2P5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
High Dietary Levels of Flaxseed Oil and Fish Oil Lower Cecal Lesion
Scores in Broiler Chickens Infected with the Cecal parasite, Eimeria tenella.
Patricia C. Allen, Harry D. Danforth, and Orville A. Levander, USDA-ARS,
Protozoan Diseases Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute,
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center and Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition
Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705123
Influence of Flaxseed on the Nutritional Quality of Milk. G. Reza Khorasani
and John J. Kennelly, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Dietary Effects of Feeding Omega-3 Enriched Pork Products to Healthy Young
Men and Women. M. G. Crews, J. R. Romans, and M. J. Marchello, South Dakota
State University, Brookings, SD 57007 and Animal and Range Science, North
Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
The Use of Flaxseed In Ethiopia. Irvin E. (Tom) Siegenthaler, Oklahoma
International Development Group, Inc., P.O. Box 937, Stillwater, OK 74076143
BREEDING, PATHOLOGY, MARKETING, PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF
FLAXSEED
Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Learning Ability. Paul A. Stitt, Natural
Ovens of Manitowoc, P. O. Box 730, Manitowoc, WI 54221-0730 . . . .150
History of Flax. 9000 Years Ago to 1986. Paul A. Stitt, Essential Nutrient
Research Co., P. O. Box 730, Manitowoc, WI 54221-0730 . . . . . . .152
Flaxseed Gum: Extraction, Composition, and Selected Applications. Julie
Garden-Robinson, Department of Food and Nutrition, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, ND 58105. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Flaxseed Gum: Genotype, Chemical Structure and Rheological Properties.
W. Cui, E. Kenaschuk and G. Mazza, Food Research Program, Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Research Station, Summerland, British Columbia,
VOH 1Z0, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Station,
Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Safety Considerations of Flaxseed and Flaxseed Components. B. Dave Oomah,
Edward O. Kenaschuk and Guiseppe Mazza, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Morden Research Station, 100 - 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5. .178
Utilization of Flax Straw for Insulation and Concrete Form Panels.
K. W. Domier1, W. H. Wasylciw2, P. H. O'Neill2, 1Department of
Agricultural Engineering, 2Department of Forest Science, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1 and L. Bach, Forestry
Department, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. . .183
Development of Anti-corrosive Primer Using Linseed Oil and an
Inorganic Material as a Replacement for Red Lead. Douglas J. Mills,
Department of Polymers and Coatings, North Dakota State Univesity,
Fargo, ND 58105. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Sixty Years of Canadian Flaxseed Quality Surveys at the Grain Research
Laboratory. James K. Daun and D. R. DeClercq, Canadian Grain Commission,
Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
R3C 3C8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
LinolaTM - The Birth of a New Crop Type. J. C. P. Dribnenki and A. G. Green,
United Grain Growers Limited, Unit 100-101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, Canada
R0G 1J0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Flax Varietal Reaction to Pasmo Under Several Tillage Systems. K. Y. Rashid,
G. H. Gubbels, and E. O. Kenaschuk, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Research Station, Unit 100-101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba, Canada R6M 1Y5206
Mechanical and Chemical Weed Control in Flax. P. M. Carr, G. B. Martin, and
B. A. Melchior, Dickinson Res. Ext. Center, 470 State Ave., Suite 101,
Dickinson, ND 58601. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
REPORTS OF ORGANIZATIONS
Flax Growers Western Canada. Dennis McIntosh, Vice President, Box 2218,
Melfort, Sask, S0E 1A0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
The Flax Council of Canada. Don Frith, 465-167 Lombard Ave., Winnipeg,
Manitoba R3B 0T6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
North Dakota Oilseed Council. Ray Berntson, Chairman, North Dakota
Oilseed Council, 4023 N. State Street, Bismarck, ND 58501-0620 . . .221
Summary of the Flaxseed as Food and Feed for People and Animals
Discussion Group. Mary E. Van Elswyk, Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX 77843-2472. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Report of the President of Flax Institute. J. F. Carter, Box 5051, North
Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Registrants of the 55th Flax Institute of the United States. . . . .229
"ACTIVE MEMBERS" of the Flax Institute. These persons attend regularly,
are resource people on flax in states and provinces, or have asked to be
included as active members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234