Note: These questions are designed to show general topics likely covered on the exam, but with only a couple exceptions will not be the actual questions asked. The exam will also include three or four questions repeated from the midterm exam. Material to study: Sloan and Startt chapters 1-14; all films; all in-class exercises; all lectures and on-line lecture synopses.

1. When writing a historical research paper, what is the "funnel concept?"

2. Name two New York newspapers closely connected to the concept of Yellow Journalism.

3. What does the term "muckraking" refer to?

4. A number of important inventions of the late 19th century improved the news-gathering ability of journalists. Name two.

5. George Eastman is most closely associated with what invention?

6. Ottmar Mergenthaler is most closely associated with what invention?

7. Who was publisher of The Liberator?

8. Copperhead-influenced newspapers particularly gave Lincoln trouble during the U.S. Civil War. Why?

9. In what way is Matthew Brady associated with the U.S. Civil War?

10. The rise of the common man as opposed to the elite in America helped make successful what newspaper development in the 1830s?

11. What newspaper, originally a penny paper, was founded by Henry J. Raymond?

12. The constitutional founders didn't hold much debate on the First Amendment, guaranteeing freedom of the press. Why?

13. John Fenno's Gazette of the United States was federalist in its approach to American government. This means it would likely have supported which politician of the period?

a. Thomas Jefferson.
b. Theodore Roosevelt.
c. Alexander Hamilton.
d. Andrew Jackson.

14. The summary lead, or inverted pyramid style of journalism, became popular

a. During the Spanish-American War.
b. During the Revolutionary War.
c. During the Civil War.

15. Some historians say the Stamp Act of 1765 was a pivotal issue encouraging the American colonies to revolt. What two professional groups were most affected by the Stamp Act?

16. Samuel Adams was a prolific journalist who supported what faction of colonial opinion concerning the future of America?

a. Continued support for British rule.
b. Support for economic reform, but not necessarily revolution.
c. Support for revolution.

17. "These are the times that try men's souls." Who wrote these famous words during the American Revolution?

18. The first newspaper of the American colonies is generally thought to have been a paper called Publick Occurences Both Foreign and Domestick. What happened to that newspaper?

19. Journalism was often associated with postmasters in early America. Why?

20. The invention of movable type revolutionized printing, and took place in what century?

21. Why were coffeehouses important to early American and European journalism?

22. The word "linotype" refers to what technological innovation?

23. The Renaissance-era British king who established formalized laws to censor the press was?

24. Early publisher James Franklin got into trouble with Increase and Cotton Mather in Boston over his challenging journalism concerning what health-related issue?

25. How was James Franklin related to Ben Franklin?

26. How, for that matter, was Samuel Adams related to John Adams, second president?

27. The Massachusetts Spy was a famous long-running newspaper established by what American scholar and patriot?

28. The Sedition Act punished normally anti-Federalist editors for doing what?

29. The Cherokee Phoenix solved a problem that for a century had hampered development of the Native American press. What was the problem?

30. Joseph Pulitzer, who founded both the Pulitzer prize awards and the Columbia University School of Journalism, originally established what famous newspaper?

31. In the 1830s, sales of newspapers by street hawkers was an innovation associated with?

32. The famous phrase "What Hath God Wrought?" is associated with the invention of?

33. What invention unveiled in 1839 first made true photographic images possible?

34. What innovation guaranteed the Mexican War in 1845 a place in communication history?

35. Horace Greeley's New York Tribune was particularly influential

a. because it appealed to the New York elite.
b. because it circulated weekly to the Midwest.
c. because it advocated slavery.
d. because it carried columns by Lincoln.

36. Possibly the most famous anti-slavery journalist and writer who as an escaped slave established the Northern Star was?

37. In 1862 Confederate journalists organized a mirror organization to the Associated Press, which they called?

38. Francis W. Ayer in 1869 developed America's first

a. Penny Press newspaper.
b. advertising agency.
c. stock photography agency.
d. ready-print newspaper company.

39. Why is William Allen White remembered by journalism historians?

40. This flamboyant publisher, son of a rich California mining tycoon, established the sensationalist New York Journal at the end of the 19th century.

41. Elizabeth Cochrane was a famous muckraking-era reporter whose pen name was?

42. This famous colonial journalist often wrote under the pen name "Silence Dogood."

43. James Rivington was well-known in colonial New York City for what political slant in his newspaper?

44. Philip Freneau gave a voice to which political group in early American politics?

45. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton during the Civil War is associated by some historians with the development of what?

46. John Peter Zenger became a symbol to free-press advocates because

a. he was tried under the Alien Act of 1798.
b. he was a great author of pamphlets during the American Revolution.
c. He established the first professional journalism society.
d. His trial established the concept of truth as a defense against libel.

47. John Milton's Aeropagetica is significant to journalism history because...?

48. As publisher of the Chicago Defender, why is Robert S. Abbott particularly important to early 20th century American society?

49. Censorship in the north during the U.S. Civil War included several innovations which became popular in later wars. Name one.

50. Why is it useful for media professionals to study media history?

Timeline exercise:
You will need to know generally when historical events took place. To review, based on the date of their occurrence, place the following events on a timeline divided by 15-year increments. Draw the timeline using several sheets of paper turned horizontally. Begin at 1780, and end at 2000, leaving plenty of space between lines for each 15 years. List each event below in proper general category.

Press coverage of the Persian Gulf War.
First Commercial Radio Station.
Alien and Sedition Acts.
Hutchins Commission report.
Joseph McCarthy Hearings.
Beginning of Pulitzer’s New York World.
Ivy Lee and the Pennsylvania Railroad accident.
Appearance of brand names in advertising.
Era of the “muckrakers.”
Appearance in New York of Hearst’s Journal.
Nazi propaganda era.
Watergate break-in.
The first Penny Press: New York Sun.
Lincoln’s assassination covered in the press.
Appearance of the typewriter/telephone in newsrooms.
Edward R. Murrow’s “See It Now.”
First roll film.
Adolph Ochs resurrects the New York Times.
Halftones first used in commercial newspapers.
Appearance of William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator.
Horace Greeley challenges Lincoln to free the slaves.
Henry J. Raymond leaves Greeley to establish the New York Times.
Vietnam: the press begins to take notice.
FRC becomes FCC.
Mergenthaler Linotype eliminates typesetting by hand.
Nixon-Kennedy debates on television.
“Laugh-in” is nation’s top-rated TV program.
Benjamin Franklin Bache establishes a newspaper.
Appearance of the Fargo Argus, forerunner to the Forum.
Yellow journalism of the Spanish-American War.
George Creel’s Committee on Public Information.
The O.J. Simpson trial verdict.
Advertising discovers the power of emotional appeals.
Space shuttle Challenger explodes on live television.
Editors begin to use large maps, multi-column headlines on the front page.
Invention of the first successful photographic process.
Brady at Gettysburg.
“News not views.”
Invention of the “photo story” concept.
First Amendment becomes part of U.S. Bill of Rights.
First commercial radio stations go on the air.
Pool system set up to cover war in Grenada.
End of the wet-plate era in photography.
Elmer Davis and the Office of War Information.
Marconi sends the first trans-Atlantic signal.
“Jazz journalism” and the rise of objectivity.
James Gordon Bennett launches the New York Herald.
Henry Luce launches Time.
The United States’ first daily newspaper established.
Washington Hand Press leads printing revolution.
Fenno’s Gazette of the United States attacks anti-Federalists.