Exam 1 Review Questions
Veterinary Science 135
Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
North Dakota State University
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy and Physiology
The study of the form and structure of the body and its parts is known as [1] __________ while the study of the function of the body and its parts is termed [2] __________.
Planes of Reference
A [3] __________ plane divides the body into equal left and right halves while a [4] __________ plane divides it into left and right parts which are not necessarily equal. The [5] __________ plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts while the [6] __________ plane divides it into cranial and caudal parts.
Directional Terms
A Caudal G Medial
B Cranial H Palmar
C Deep I Plantar
D Distal J Proximal
E Dorsal K Rostral
F Lateral L Superficial
M Ventral
[7] ___ Toward the median plane of the body.
[8] ___ Away from the head end of the body -- toward the tail.
[9] ___ Toward the center of the body or body part.
[10] ___The “back” surface of the hind leg distal to the tarsus, also the ground surface of the foot.
[11] ___Toward the belly.
[12] ___ Toward the body (extremity).
[13] ___ Toward the surface of the body or body part.
[14] ___ Away from the median plane of the body.
[15] ___The “back” surface of the front leg distal to the carpus, also the ground surface of the foot.
[16] ___ Away from the body (extremity).
[17] ___ Toward the backbone.
[18] ___ Toward the head end of the body.
[19] ___ Toward the nose (on the skull).
[20] ___“Top or front” surface of front foot.
[21] ___“Top or front” surface of hind foot
Body Cavities
The [22] __________ cavity of the body contains the central nervous system. Its 2 main parts are the [23] ____________ that contains the brain and the [24] ___________ that contains the spinal cord
The [25] __________ cavity of the body is larger and contains the rest of the soft organs. It is subdivided by the diaphragm into the cranial [26] __________ cavity, which is lined by [27] _________ __________ and whose organs are covered by [28] __________ __________ ; and the caudal [29] __________ cavity, which is lined by [30] _________ __________ and whose organs and structures are covered by [31] __________ __________.
CELLS
The "skin" of a cell that surrounds the nucleus & cytoplasm is the [32] ________ ________. On the surface of this part of the cell are areas called [33] _______ ________ where substances such as hormones and drugs can attach and influence the cell’s activities.
The portion of a cell where the work of the cell is accomplished is the [34] ____________ which contains various tiny structures and bodies -- the [35] ____________ which contribute to the function & metabolism of the cell and the [36] ____________ which are nonliving and generally don't contribute to cellular metabolism.
The [37] __________ is the "control center" of the cell that contains strands of DNA which make up the genetic material of the cell. When the cell is not dividing the DNA is organized into a loose form called [38] ____________. When the cell divides, the genetic material is organized into distinct structures called [39] ____________.
The basic physiological properties of cells:
[40]____________ The ability to take substances into a cell.
[41] ____________ The elimination of useful substances from a cell.
[42] ____________ The elimination of waste products from a cell.
[43] ____________ The overall name for the physical & chemical processes that enable a cell to live. The two subcategories of this are
[44] ____________ Chemical reactions that break down complex substances and produce energy.
[45] ____________ Chemical reactions that build complex substances from simpler ones and consume energy.
[46] ____________ Cell division. The two types of this are:
[47] ____________ Process of cell division in most body cells. Chromosomes each duplicate themselves before pulling apart. The 2 daughter cells each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
[48] ____________ Process of cell division that produces the female and male reproductive cells. Half of the chromosomes from the parent cell go to each of the daughter cells. The 2 daughter cells each have ½ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
[49] ____________ The capability of a cell to respond to a stimulus in some way.
[50] ____________ The synthesis of more cell substance.
[51] ____________ The ability of a cell to shorten in some direction when stimulated.
[52] ____________ The capability of conducting the effect of a stimulus from one part of a cell to another.
Basic Tissues
The 4 basic tissues that make up the animal body are:
[53] ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
[54] ____________ are functional groups of tissues which, when organized into functional groups are termed [55] ____________.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissue consists entirely of [56] __________ and is attached to an underlying layer of [57] __________ __________. It [58] (does/does not) ________ contain blood vessels and, in order to compensate for normal wear and tear, contains at least some cells capable of [59] ____________.
Covering and Lining Epithelia
The [60] __________ epithelia consist of a single layer of cells. The thinnest is [61] __________ __________ epithelium which consists of flat, smooth, platelike cells. Next thickest is [62] __________ __________ epithelium which has cells that are more rounded and shaped like "marshmallows." Tall thin cylindrical cells make up [63] __________ __________epithelium. [64] __________ __________ epithelium appears multi-layered due to the position of its nuclei, but is a simple epithelium.
The [65] __________ epithelia consist of multiple layers of cells. Only 2 types commonly occur in the body: [66] ___________ epithelium which occurs only on portions of the urinary tract and is specialized for stretching, and [67] _________ __________ epithelium which is very tough and thick. It has 2 forms: the [68] _______________ form is present on dry body surfaces such as the skin and the [69] _______________ form covers moist body surfaces such as the lining of the esophagus and vagina.
Glandular Epithelia
"Ductless glands" that secrete directly into the bloodstream are termed [70] __________ glands, while glands that secrete through ducts onto an epithelial surface are termed [71] __________ glands.
[72] __________ glands secrete through a single unbranched duct and occur in 2 types: [73] __________ _________ & __________ _________ glands. [74] __________ glands secrete through a branching duct system and occur in 3 types: [75] __________ _________, __________ _________, and __________ _________.
The method of glandular secretion is classified according to how much of the secreting cell is shed along with the secretion. The product of glands which secrete by the [76] ____________ method includes the entire secreting cells. A small part of the secreting cells is included in the secretion of glands which secrete by the [77] ____________ method. Glands which secrete by the [78] ____________ method have a very "pure" secretion which contains no part of the secreting cells.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissues consist of cells and nonliving materials of various types known collectively as [79] ____________ _____________.
A Adipose tissue
B Areolar connective tissue
C Bone
D Cartilage
E Dense (fibrous) connective tissue -- irregular
F Dense (fibrous) connective tissue -- regular
G Elastic connective tissue
[80] ___ Mainly composed of elastic fibers with a few collagen fibers.
[81] ___ Stores fat.
[82] ___ The second hardest substance in the body.
[83] ___ Cells and various types & amounts of fibers embedded in a thick, firm gelatinous matrix
[84] ___ The connective tissue that makes up tendons & ligaments.
[85] ___ The connective tissue that makes up the capsules of internal organs.
[86] ___ Widely distributed around the body -- consists primarily of a loose meshwork of collagen fibers.
Cartilage
Cartilage cells are called [87] _______________.
Cartilage [88] (does/does not) __________ contain blood vessels.
The 3 types of cartilage consist of [89] __________ cartilage which forms articular (joint) cartilage, [90] __________ cartilage which contains large quantities of elastic fibers, and [91] __________ cartilage which contains large bundles of collagen fibers and is very tough.
Bone
The cells which produce bone are the [92] _______________. Once they become surrounded by the ossified matrix, they are known as [93] ____________ which communicate with each other through tiny channels in the bone matrix called [94] _______________. The cells which remove bone are the [95] _______________.
The 2 main types of bone are the light, spongy, [96] _______________ bone and the dense, heavy [97] ____________ bone, which is made up of tiny laminated tubes of bone called [98] __________ __________.
Fibrous membranes cover the inside and outside surfaces of bones. The membrane that lines the inner surfaces of bones is the [99] ____________, and the membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones (except the articular surfaces) is the [100] ____________, which also supplies many tiny blood vessels to the bone.
Large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the bone marrow of many large bones pass through a large channel in the bone called the [101] __________ __________.
Bone is formed in the fetus by two mechanisms: [102] _______________ bone formation starts with a cartilage model of the bone that is gradually replaced by bone in growth centers. With [103] _______________ bone formation, bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain.
The 4 basic bone shapes in the animal body are [104] __________ bones, __________ bones, __________ bones and __________ bones.
The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the [105] __________ of the bone and the main shaft of the bone is the [106] __________. The growth plates in long bones of young animals that enable them to increase in length as the animal grows are the [107] __________ plates.
The two types of bone marrow are [108] __________ bone marrow, which is [109] _______________ tissue and [110] __________ bone marrow which is [111] _______________ tissue.
SKELETON
The surface of a bone that forms a joint with another bone is called the bone’s [112] __________ surface.
[113] __________ The general name for a lump or bump on a bone that is a site of muscle attachment.
A hole in a bone is usually called a [114] __________, while a “scooped out” or depressed area is called a [115] __________.
The axial skeleton is made up of the [116] __________, __________, __________, __________ & __________. The [117] _______________ skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs.
Skull
A Frontal bones
B Incisive bones
C Mandible
D Maxillary bones
E Nasal bones
F Occipital bone
G Parietal bones
H Temporal bones
I Turbinates
J Zygomatic bones
[118] ___ Contains the inner ear structures & the external acoustic meatus
[119] ___ The lower jaw
[120] ___ Contains the foramen magnum and articulates with the 1st cervical vertebra.
[121] ___ The upper jaw.
[122] ___ Form the "forehead" region of the skull.
[123] ___ House the upper incisor teeth.
[124] ___ Located between the occipital and frontal bones.
[125] ___ Form the bridge of the nose.
[126] ___ The "cheek" bones.
[127] ___ The thin, scroll-like bones in the nasal passages.
The [128] _______________ bone is located in the neck region and supports the base of the tongue and the larynx.
Spinal Column
The [129] __________ process of a vertebra projects dorsally, and the [130] __________ processes project laterally.
The main divisions of the spinal column are:
[131] ____________ Vertebrae of the neck region
[132] __________ The first neck vertebra (C1)
[133] __________ The second neck vertebra (C2)
[134] ____________ Vertebrae of the chest region
[135] ____________ Vertebrae of the abdominal region
[136] ____________ Vertebrae of the pelvic region
[137] __________ The collective name for the fused vertebrae of the pelvic region
[138] ____________ Vertebrae of the tail region
Ribs
Each rib consists of a bony portion and a [139] ____________ portion. The junction between the 2 parts of a rib is called the [140] _______________ junction.
Sternum
The first (most cranial) sternebra is the [141] ____________ and the last (most caudal) sternebra is the [142] __________ __________.
Thoracic Limb
The bones of the thoracic limb from proximal to distal are the:
[143] ____________ Shoulder blade
[144] ____________ Thin ridge of bone on the lateral surface of the shoulder blade
[145] __________ __________ “Socket” portion of the shoulder joint
[146] ____________ Long bone of the “upper arm"
[147] ____________ Proximal articular surface – “ball” portion of the shoulder joint
[148] __________ __________ Large process on proximal end where powerful shoulder muscles attach
[149] ____________ Collective name for rounded distal articular surfaces
[150] ____________ Medial & lateral non-articular areas on distal end used as landmarks
[151] ____________ Main weight-bearing bone of the "forearm"
[152] ____________ Other bone of the "forearm"
[153] ____________ Process on proximal end that is the “point of the elbow”
[154] __________ __________ “Half-moon” shaped, concave, proximal articular surface
[155] __________ __________ “Beak-shaped” process at proximal end of #154
[156] ____________ Human wrist, equine knee
[157] ____________ Bones just distal to #156
[158] __________ __________ Vestigial bones in the horse located medial & lateral behind main bone #157 just distal to the “knee”
[159] ____________ Bones of the digits
[160] ____________ sesamoid bones – 2 bones located just behind the “fetlock” joint in the horse
[161] ____________ sesamoid bone – single bone located within the hoof of the horse just behind the junction of the middle & distal phalanges. Common name is the [162] ____________ bone.
Pelvic Limb
The bones of the pelvic limb from proximal to distal are the:
[163] ____________ Made up of 3 pairs of bones that fused together when growth was completed. Areas on this structure are referred to by the original bone names.
[164] ____________ Cranial area/bone
[165] ____________ Caudal area/bone
[166] ____________ Medial area/bone
[167] __________ __________ large “hole” on each side of this structure that serve to lighten it.
[168] ____________ “Socket” portion of ball & socket hip joint
[169] ___________ The "thigh" bone
[170] ____________ Proximal articular surface – the “ball” portion of the hip joint
[171] __________ __________ Large process on proximal end where powerful gluteal muscles attach
[172] __________ __________ Articular groove on front of distal end where the “kneecap” rides
[173] ____________ Large rounded distal articular surface
[174] ____________ Medial & lateral non-articular areas on distal end used as landmarks
[175] ____________ The "kneecap"
[176] ____________ The large bone of the lower leg
[177] __________ __________ Large ridge on front of proximal end of #176
[178] ____________ The small, or incomplete, bone of the lower leg
[179] ____________ The "ankle" or "hock"
[180] __________ __________ large process of the fibular tarsal bone that forms the “point of the hock”
[181] ____________ Bones just distal to the "ankle" or "hock"
[182] __________ __________ Vestigial bones in the horse located medial & lateral behind main bone #181 just distal to the “hock”
[183] ____________ Bones of the digits
[184] ____________ sesamoid bones – 2 bones located just behind the “fetlock” joint in the horse
[185] ____________ sesamoid bone – single bone located within the hoof of the horse just behind the junction of the middle & distal phalanges. Common name is the [186] ____________ bone.
Visceral Bones
[187] __________ __________ Bone in the penis of dogs
[188] __________ __________ Bone in the heart of cattle
[189] __________ __________ Bone in the snout of swine
Joints
The 3 general types of joints are the immovable [190] ____________ joints, the slightly movable [191] ____________ joints and the freely movable [192] ____________ joints.
Characteristics of freely movable joints
[193] __________ __________ Smooth areas of compact bone where one bone contacts another in a joint
[194] __________ __________ Layer of hyaline cartilage over #193
[195] __________ __________ Connective tissue capsule surrounding the joint
[196] ____________ fluid is the viscous fluid in a joint that lubricates the joint surfaces
[197] ____________ Fibrous connective tissue bands that connect bones together in many freely movable joints
A Abduction
B Adduction
C Circumduction
D Extension
E Flexion
F Rotation
[198] ___ A joint movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones.
[199] ___ A joint movement that consists of a twisting movement of a body part on its own axis.
[200] ___ A joint movement that moves an extremity toward the median plane.
[201] ___ A joint movement in which the distal end of an extremity moves in a circle.
[202] ___ A joint movement that increases the angle between 2 bones.
[203] ___ A joint movement that moves an extremity away from the median plane.
Types of synovial joints
[204] __________ __________ A joint that allows only the movements of flexion and extension. Example: joints between bones of the digits
[205] __________ ___ __________ __________ A joint that allows all of the types of joint movements. Example: shoulder joint
[206] __________ __________ A joint that allows only rotary motion. Example: Joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae
[207] __________ __________ A joint that allows only a slight rocking movement. Example: Joints between carpal bone