Exam 3 Review Questions
Veterinary Science 135
Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
North Dakota State University
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Once food is swallowed it undergoes the processes of [1] __________ (breakdown of nutrients into simpler compounds) and the [2] __________ of those simpler compounds through the lining of the intestine into blood and lymph vessels for distribution to the rest of the body.
Food passing through the digestive tube is considered to be [3] ____________ the body until it is digested and absorbed through the wall of the tube into the blood or lymph.
The 4 layers of the digestive tube from inside to outside are:
[4] _______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
The type of epithelium that lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus & anus is [5] __________ __________ epithelium. The epithelium that lines the stomach, small intestine & large intestine is [6] __________ __________ epithelium.
The type of muscle in the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus & the external anal sphincter is [7] _______________ muscle. The type of muscle in the rest of the GI tract is [8] ____________ muscle.
The exposed portion of a tooth is called the [9] ____________ which is covered by [10] ____________, the hardest substance in the body. The [11] ____________ of the tooth is embedded in the bone of the jaw and is covered by [12] ____________. The bulk of the tooth is made up of a connective tissue called [13] ____________. The space in the tooth occupied by nerves and blood vessels is the [14] __________ __________.
The temporary teeth are the [15] ____________ teeth which are shed and replaced by the [16] ____________ teeth.
The 4 types of teeth from front to back are the:
[17] _______________ (most rostral teeth)
[18] _______________ (located at the corners of the #57 teeth)
[19] _______________ (rostral “cheek teeth”)
[20] _______________ (caudal “cheek teeth”)
The [21] ____________ separates the ventral mouth from the dorsal nasal passage. It has 2 parts: the rostral [22] __________ _________ and the caudal [23] __________ __________.
The [24] ____________ is the common passageway of the digestive and respiratory systems; also called the “throat”
The [25] ____________ is the muscular tube that connects #24 with the stomach. The entrance of #25 into the stomach is called the [26] ____________.
Simple Stomach
The prominent folds that line the stomach are the [27] ____________.
The glands of the stomach produce [28] _______________, _______________, and _______________.
While it processes swallowed food, the stomach is sealed off from #25 by the [29] __________ __________ and from the first portion of the small intestine by the [30] __________ __________.
The stomach reduces the ingested food to a semi-fluid, homogeneous substance called [31] ____________ which enters the small intestine.
Ruminant Stomach
The ruminant animal has 3 [32] _______________ and one true [33] _______________. In order of size from smallest to largest, the 3 compartments before the stomach are the [34] _______________, the [35] _______________, and the [36] _______________.
The [37] ____________ is the compartment that is most commonly involved in "hardware disease." The [38] _______________ is a large "fermentation vat." The compartment that is the "dehydrating and grinding vat" is the [39] _______________. The true stomach in a ruminant animal is the [40] _______________.
The process by which ruminant animals regurgitate coarse roughage back into the mouth for further chewing and reswallowing is called [41] _______________.
The periodic "belching" of gas resulting from the fermentation process in the #38 is called [42] _______________.
The [43] ____________ ____________ in young ruminants is a muscular groove that closes into a tube during nursing allowing swallowed milk to bypass the fermentation chambers and quickly arrive at the true stomach.
Small intestine
The 2 main functions of the small intestine are further [44] _______________ of the chyme and [45] _________________ of simple compounds (nutrients) into the blood and lymph.
The 3 segments of the small intestine in order are the:
[46] _______________ (1st short section that leaves the stomach)
[47] _______________ (longest portion)
[48] _______________ (last short section of small intestine)
The absorptive surface area of the small intestine lining is greatly increased by many tiny finger-like processes called [49] ____________ which contain blood and lymph vessels.
Large intestine
The 3 components of the large intestine, in order, are the [50] ____________, which is a blind-ended sac, the [51] ____________, which is the longest portion, and the [52] ____________ which is the terminal portion.
The solid waste in the large intestine, called the [53] ________, is eliminated through the [54] __________ by the process of [55] ____________.
Pancreas
The exocrine secretion from the pancreas contains [56] __________ ___________ and __________ __________, and is carried to the [57] __________ by the pancreatic duct(s).
Liver
The greenish fluid produced by the liver is the [58] ____________ which is stored in the [59] ______ _________ (of those animals that have one) until food enters the small intestine.
The [60] ____________ vein is a large, short vein that carries nutrient filled blood from the intestines directly to the liver.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurons & nerve fibers
A neuron consists of a [61] __________ __________ which contains the nucleus & the majority of the cytoplasm and 2 types of processes: the [62] _______________ which are "tree-like" processes that are usually multiple and conduct impulses inward, and the [63] ____________ which is usually long, straight and single and conducts impulses outward.
Nerve fibers are described as being unmyelinated if they are covered only by a single layer of [64] ____________ cells. If the covering cells are wound around the nerve fiber forming many concentric layers of cell membrane, the resulting covering is referred to as a [65] ____________ sheath.
The terminal branched portion of a nerve fiber is called the [66] _______________.
The site where a nerve impulse is transferred from a neuron to some other cell is called a [67] _______________. The nerve impulse is actually transferred through chemicals called [68] _______________.
The cell membrane of a neuron is electrically [69] _______________ at rest due to the action of ion pumps in the cell membrane. This results in a net [70] ____________ charge outside the cell membrane and a net [71] ____________ charge inside. The main extracellular (outside the cell membrane) ion in the resting state is [72] ____________ and the main intracellular (inside the cell membrane) ion is [73] ____________.
The minimum stimulus that will produce a nerve impulse is called a [74] ____________ ____________.
When sufficiently stimulated, a neuron will produce a complete nerve impulse. There are no “partial” nerve impulses. This is known as the [75] _____ ___ __________ principle.
Central nervous system
The major functional component of gray matter in the central nervous system is [76] ________ ______ _________. The major functional component of white matter is [77] __________ _______ __________.
The cerebrum consists of left and right [78] _______________ which contain large folds on their surfaces called [79] ____________ separated by large grooves called [80] ____________. The gray matter of the cerebrum is in the [81] ____________ and the white matter is in the [82] ____________.
The [83] ____________ is the portion of the brain that does not initiate movements, but serves to coordinate and generally smooth out movements initiated by the cerebrum and aids in the maintenance of balance.
The [84] ____________ is the “between brain” that includes the hypothalamus.
The "oldest" portion of the brain that maintains basic support functions in the body is the [85] ________ _______.
The spinal cord has the gray matter in the [86] ____________ and the white matter in the [87] ____________. Nerve fibers emerge from the spinal cord between vertebrae as the spinal nerves. The dorsal roots of the spinal nerves carry [88] ____________ information and the ventral roots carry [89] ____________ information.
From inside out, the 3 layers of the meninges are the:
[90] _____ __________
[91] _______________
[92] _____ __________
The ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord are filled with [93] ____________________ fluid.
The [94] __________________ barrier in the central nervous system is a structural barrier that prevents many substances, including many drugs, from entering the brain from the bloodstream.
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves with only afferent fibers are called [95] ____________ nerves, those with only efferent fibers are called [96] ____________ nerves, and those with both are called [97] ____________ nerves.
The 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the [98] _______________, or "fight or flight" system which originates in the [99] ____________ & ____________ regions of the spinal cord; and the [100] _______________, or "business as usual" system which originates in the [101] ____________ and ____________ region of the spinal cord
What is the effect of the sympathetic system on each of the following?
[102] ___ heart rate
[103] ___ blood pressure
[104] ___ GI tract activity
[105] ___ diameter of air passageways in lungs
[106] ___ size of pupil of eye
What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on each of the following?
[107] ___ heart rate
[108] ___ blood pressure
[109] ___ GI tract activity
[110] ___ diameter of air passageways in the lungs
[111] ___ size of pupil of eye
A [112] _______________ is an automatic response to a stimulus that does not require any conscious thought.
MUSCLE
Smooth muscle
Cell characteristics:
Striations [113] ______________
Shape [114] ___________________
Number of nuclei [115] __________
The type of smooth muscle that occurs in large sheets of linked cells in the walls of hollow internal organs is [116] ____________ smooth muscle. It (does/does not) [117] __________ require nerve stimulation to function. The activity of this type of smooth muscle is modified by its autonomic nerve supply. Sympathetic stimulation [118] __________ its activity and parasympathetic stimulation [119] __________ its activity.
The type of smooth muscle that occurs as individual small units of cells that are found where small, finely controlled contractions are needed is [120] ______________. It (does/does not) [121] __________ require nerve stimulation to function.
Cardiac muscle
Cell characteristics:
Striations [122] ______________
Shape [123] _________ __________
Number of nuclei [124] __________
The junctions between cardiac muscle cells that attaches them fimly together and transmits impulses from cell to cell are the [125] ____________ ________.
Cardiac muscle [does/does not) [126] ________ require nerve stimulation to function.
The autonomic nervous system modifies the activity of cardiac muscle. Sympathetic stimulation [127] ____________ cardiac muscle activity and parasympathetic stimulation [128] ____________ cardiac muscle activity.
Skeletal muscle
Cell characteristics:
Striations [129] ______________
Shape [130] ___________________
Number of nuclei [131] __________
Skeletal muscle cells are commonly referred to as [132] __________ because of their shape.
Skeletal muscle cells are made up of smaller, tiny, longitudinal structures called [133] ____________.
The 2 main contractile proteins of skeletal muscle are [134] ____________ and ____________.
The [135] ____________ ___________ is where skeletal muscle cells are “attached” to nerve fibers.
A [136] __________ __________ is composed of one nerve fiber and all the skeletal muscle cells it supplies.
The connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle are:
[137] ____________ -- surrounds each muscle fiber
[138] ____________ -- surrounds muscle fasicles
[139] ____________ -- surrounds whole muscles
[140] __________ is the ion that is released inside a skeletal muscle cell when a nerve impulse reaches it. This ion “turns on” the contraction process.
The substance produced in the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells that powers the process of contraction is [141] ____________ ____________, which is usually abbreviated [142] ________.
The red protein in skeletal muscle cells that stores and releases oxygen when needed is [143] ____________.
Skeletal muscle cells can operate by either aerobic or anaerobic metabolic pathways. [144] __________ metabolism is more efficient than [145] __________ metabolism. A byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that can build up in the muscle cells and cause discomfort after unusually vigorous exercise is [146] __________ __________.
The very brief recovery period after contraction of a skeletal muscle cell when the cell will not respond to another nerve stimulus is called the cell’s [147] ____________ ____________.
Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones at both ends by tough, fibrous connective tissue bands called [148] ____________. Some skeletal muscles attach to other skeletal muscles by broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue called [149] _______________.
The [150] ____________ is the more stable of a muscle's 2 attachments, while the [151] ____________ is the more movable of its 2 attachments.
The contraction of an individual muscle fiber is [152] _____ or __________. Partial contractions do not occur.
Muscles show 4 general kinds of actions:
[153] __________ - contraction directly produces desired movement
[154] __________ - contraction directly opposes the contraction of #153
[155] __________ - contraction assists #153
[156] __________ - contraction stabilizes joints to facilitate other movements
THE SENSORY SYSTEM
What are the 4 general types of stimuli to which the body's sensory receptors are sensitive?
[157] _______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
[158] ____________ The name for the sense of body position and movement.
Sensory receptors for pain are called [159] _________________.
The 4 steps in nociception are:
[160] __________ (Conversion of stimulus to nerve impulse)
__________ (Conduction of nerve impulse to cns)
__________ (Alteration of nerve impulse in spinal cord)
__________ (Conscious awareness)
Taste is a(n) [161] ____________ (type of stimulus) sense. The receptor organs for taste are the [162] __________ ________ which are located mainly on certain papillae of the tongue. The actual receptor cells for taste are called [163] __________ cells.
Smell is a(n) [164] ____________ (type of stimulus) sense. The sensory receptors for the sense of smell are located in patches called the [165] ____________ epithelium located in the upper portion of the [166] __________ __________. The actual receptor cells for smell are called [167] ____________ cells.
Ear
Hearing is a(n) [168] ____________ (type of stimulus) sense.
Sound waves are collected by the funnel-like [169] ____________ and directed into the [170] ________ _________ _________ which leads to the [171] _______________ membrane. Vibrations of that membrane are transmitted across the [172] ____________ ear cavity by a series of tiny bones called the [173] ____________. The names of the 3 bones from outside in are the [174] ____________, [175] ____________, & [176] ____________. The [177] _______________ tube connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx and allows equilibration of air pressures.
The most medial of the 3 tiny bones in the middle ear transmits the vibrations to the snail shell shaped [178] ____________ which contains the receptors for hearing. The actual organ of hearing is the organ of [179] ____________.
The sensory epithelium of the vestibular system is in 2 patches called [180] ____________. Each consists of "hair cells" covered by a gelatinous membrane containing crystals of calcium carbonate called [181] ____________. The vestibular system supplies information on the [182] ____________ and [183] ____________ motion of the head.
The [184] ____________ canals are 3 fluid filled canals arranged at right angles to each other that supply information on [185] ____________ motion of the head.
Eye
Vision is a(n) [186] ____________ (type of stimulus) sense.
The fibrous layer of the eye consists of the clear window on the "front" of the eye, the [187] ____________ and the [188] ____________ which forms the rest of the outer covering of the eye. The junction of the 2 is called the [189] ____________.
The vascular layer consists of the [190] ____________, which contains blood vessels & pigment; the [191] ________ _______, which adjusts the shape of the lens; and the [192] ____________, which acts as a diaphragm to control the amount of light entering the eye.
The colorful, highly reflective area in the back of most animals’ eyes that aids dim light vision is the [193] ____________.
The nervous layer of the eye is the [194] ____________.
The aqueous compartment of the eye is in front of the [195] ________, and contains a watery transparent fluid, the [196] __________ __________. It is subdivided into the anterior and posterior [197] _______________ by the iris. The vitreous compartment is filled with a soft gelatinous substance called the [198] __________ __________.
Focusing of the lens is called [199] _______________. and is accomplished by contraction or relaxation of the circular [200] ____________ muscles. In order to focus the lens for distant vision, the muscle is [201] ____________. For close up vision, the muscle is [202] ____________.
The photoreceptors of the retina are the [203] ________, which are the receptors for dim light vision, and the [204] ________, which are the receptors for detail and color.
The "blind spot" of the eye is the [205] ________ _______.
The [206] _______________ is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids (the [207] _______________ portion), and covers the front of the eyeball (the [208] _______________ portion).
The medial “corner” of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids come together is the medial [209] ____________, and the lateral “corner” of the eye is the lateral [210] ____________.
The tear producing and draining apparatus consists of the [211] ____________ gland, which produces the tears that wash down over the eye. The tears are drained from the eye through the [212] __________ __________ which lead to the [213] ____________ sac and from there through the [214] _______________ duct to the [215] __________ cavity.
The [216] _______________ muscles are skeletal muscles that attach to the sclera, hold the eyeballs in place and delicately move them.