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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
Veterinary Science 135

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

I. General terminology

II. Functions

A. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
1. External respiration

2. Internal respiration

B. Secondary functions

1. Voice production

2. Body temperature regulation

3. Body acid-base balance

4. Sense of smell

III. Anatomy -- the respiratory system consists of the lungs and a system of tubes connecting them with the external environment.

A. Upper respiratory tract
1. Nostrils

2. Nasal passages

a. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
i. Cilia

ii. Glands

iii. Venous plexus

b. Functions

i. Sense of smell

ii. Warm inspired air

iii. Humidify inspired air

iv. Filter inspired air

(a). Turbinates

(b). Mucus

c. Sinuses

3. Pharynx

a. Structure

b. Function

4. Larynx

a. Structure

b. Glottis

c. Functions

i. Valve

ii. Phonation

d. Epiglottis

5. Trachea

a. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium

b. Hyaline cartilage rings

c. Bifurcation

B. Lower respiratory tract

1. Bronchi

2. Bronchioles

3. Alveolar sacs

4. Alveoli

a. Structure

C. Lungs

1. Shape

2. Position

3. Lobes

IV. Physiology

A. Significance of negative pressure in the thorax
1. Lung compliance

2. Inspiration/expiration mechanisms

3. Effect on non-respiratory structures

4. Effect of loss of negative intrathoracic pressure

B. Inspiration

1. Thoracic cavity enlarged

2. Lungs expand passively

C. Exchange of gases in alveoli

1. Partial pressure of gases

2. Gas content of inhaled air

3. Diffusion of gases

4. Gas content of exhaled air

D. Expiration

1. Thoracic cavity diminished in size

2. Air expelled from lungs

E. Control of breathing

1. Mechanical control
a. Mechanical receptors
i. Inflation receptors

ii. Deflation receptors

b. Effect on respiration

2. Chemical control

a. Chemical receptors

b. Parameters monitored

c. Effect on respiration

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