Propagation of Cacti and Succulents

Penny Neisen

Undergraduate of Horticulture and Chemistry

North Dakota State University

Fargo, North Dakota

Preface

This web site is dedicated to the propagation techniques of cacti and succulents. This site is complete with a step by step explanation and pictorial guide of the Techniques of Cactus and Succulent Propagation. For those of us who are not fortunate enough to have cacti and succulents among the natural habitat of our local neighborhoods, or are just beginning, sometimes it is difficult to recognize what growth habit represents a family or genera, much less to know what plant represents a scientific name. Luckily, a host of showy cacti and succulents are available in local plant markets and superstores; however, they are often unclassified. Without knowing the scientific name, or at least the genera of a species, it would be difficult for a beginner to make use of much of the literature available on cacti and succulent propagation. For this reason, I have included a brief Pictorial Reference to Representative Genera and Species complete with specific scientific names and References To Other Photo Galleries, as well as general recommendations for which propagation method to use for what growth habit.

By no means does this web site attempt to be an authority on botanical classification, or plant propagation principles; nor does it attempt to simplify concepts to the point of insult. Rather, this web site attempts to provide enough accurate information to get a novice started on the right track, and to provide a reference and opportunity for peer review among enthusiasts. This is a web-based academic review of applied propagation techniques, completed as a course requirement for an undergraduate horticulture course in plant propagation at North Dakota State University. This web site, its author, and North Dakota State University, do not take credit for, or claim ownership over, the production of any image used in this academic review. All images and information used in this web site are sited in the Source Reference List.

Table of Contents:

Preface

Which Method for What Species? A Pictorial Reference to Representative Genera and Species

Links To Other Photo Galleries And Indexes

Techniques of Cacti and Succulent Propagation

Propagation by Seed

Propagation of Stem Cuttings

Propagation of Leaf Cuttings

Propagation by Grafting

Propagation of Bulbils, Tubers, Plantlets, and Offsets

Source Reference List

Which Method for What Species?

Pictorial Reference to Representative Genera and Species In alphabetical order

Agave ghinesbrechtii	Agave victoriae-reginae


Agave gypsophyila


Aloe barbadensis


Aporocactus flagelliformis

	Bryophyllum 'Crenatodaigremontianum' With offsets!
Asclepiadaceae spp.

	Ceropegia spp.
Cereus spp.


Crassula argentea	Gymnocalycium spp.


Echinopsis obrepanda var. purpurea	Euphorbia ingens


Euphorbia millii var. tenuispina

Gasteria nigrans
		Graptopetalum parauayense


Haworthia attenuata v. caepitosa	Haworthia truncata


Kalanchoe tomentosa	Mammillaria cruigera

	Notocactus haselbergii
Myrtyillocactus spp.


Opuntia rufida	Yucca spp.

Can’t find what you are looking for? Try one of these links:

The Cactus and Succulent Mall
http://www.cactus-mall.com/index.html
Scroll down to the very bottom of the page to find:
Cactus and Succulent Indexes and Services on the Internet

The Cactus and Succulent Resource Page
http://members.aol.com/Jibers12/cactus/index.html#genera Scroll down to:
Homepages containing information on specific genera
or
Major Cactus and Succulent Internet Resources

If you can’t find what you are looking for at the links provided by either of these two places and you are still curious, call your local university’s botany or horticulture department.

Introduction

Sometimes it is very easy to identify the best was to propagate a cactus or succulent, and other times it is not as obvious. However before you start, the first thing to ask yourself is: What kind of plant do I have? If you don’t know the easiest way to learn is to organize the information you know about your plant into categories. How is it shaped? Is it tall and thin, short and round, or does it have many little leaves? How does it grow? Does it grow all by itself, are there many braches, or are there similar tiny plants that poke up out of the soil near it? Does it flower? Questions like these are the first ones to ask your self when considering propagation. The next thing to think about is how to propagate your cactus or succulent. Done in the reverse order, you might not have as high of a plant propagation success rate. The web site does not help you identify exactly what kind of cactus or succulent you have. What it does do is help you generalize your plant into a category with a brief Pictorial Reference to Representative Genera and Species complete with specific scientific names and References To Other Photo Galleries. This web site then shows you recommended Techniques of Cactus and Succulent Propagation for each category. For the quickest reference, see the Index Of Recommended Propagation Techniques For Specific Genera.

Seeds

Most cacti can be propagated by seed; however due to the slow growth of some species, sometimes other methods are more practical. Cacti with solitary growth habits are usually propagated by seed. Several species grow in this manner including:

§ Notocactus spp.

§ Neoporteria spp.

Stem Cuttings

Propagation by stem cuttings is easy and practical. Many cacti and succulents can be propagated by stem cuttings. In general, if the plant has an elongated stem region that is actively growing, propagation by stem cuttings should be a successful route. Some recommendations are:

§ Prickly Pears and Chollas:

Opuntia spp.

§ Columnar Cacti:

Cereus spp.

Trichocereus spp

§ Pincushion and Globular Cacti:

Echinopsis spp.

Mammillaria spp

§ Euphorbia spp.

§ Stapeliads

§ Bryophyllum spp.

§ Kalanchoe spp.

§ Graptopetalum spp.

How to Propagate Stem Cuttings

Leaf Cuttings

Most succulents are usually propagated by leaf cuttings. An image containing various succulent leaf shapes found is shown below:

If your succulent has a leaf shape similar to one of these, your best bet is to try propagating with a leaf cutting. Genera typically propagated by leaf cuttings include but are not limited to:

§ Gasteria spp.

§ Haworthia, Sansevieria

§ Crassulaceae Family (Kalanchoe, Sedum, Graptopetalum, etc.)

Grafting

Grafting requires a hardy rootstock which is compatible with the desired propagation candidate. This compatibility is very important. Without it, success in grafting in unlikely. For cacti and succulents the following rules and some successful grafts have been reported and are shown below:

Rootstock		Compatible scions
Hylocereus trigonus		Gymnocalycium mihanovichii
		Chamaecereus silvestrii
		Gymnocalycium denudatum
		Eriocactus leninghausii
		Cereus cristata
		Notocactus scopa
		Mammillaria theresae
		Sulcorebutia rauschii
As reported by:		ABC Farms, Korea.
Hylocereus undatus		Epiphytic cacti, like Christmas Cacti
		Most cylindrical and globular cacti
As reported by:		Pizzetti-Simon and Schuster
Cereus peruvianus		Melanocactus spp.
		Rebutia muscula
		Gymnocalycium mihanovichii cv. 'Hibotan'
As reported by:		Kein Hong
Trichocereus spachianus		Cereus spp.
		Espotoa spp.
		Echinocactus spp.
		Lobivia spp.
		Melanocactus spp.
As reported by:		Pizzetti-Simon and Schuster

Bulbils, Tubers, Plantlets, and Offsets

Many succulents asexually propagate been means of underground lateral shoots. These shoots give rise to offsets or plantlets which can be severed in the spring or summer from the parent lateral shoot to produce a self-sustaining new plant. Aloe spp. and some Agave spp. form plantlets or bulbils on their flowing stalks. These plantlets and bulbils can be removed and planted as well. Kalanchoe spp. produce small plantlets on the scalloped edges of their leaves. These plantlets can also be potted in warm conditions to produce self-sustaining plants.

Bulbils and Plantlets

§ Agave murpheyi

§ Agave vilmoriniana

§ Agave fourcryodes

§ Kalanchoe spp.

§ Aloe spp.

Offsets

§ Echinopsis spp.

§ Mammillaria spp.

§ Agave spp.

§ Aloe spp.

§ Haworthia spp.

§ Crassulaceae Family

§ Kalanchoe sp

§ Sedum spp.

§ Graptopetalum spp.

Tubers

§ Ceropegia spp.

Index of Recommended Propagation Techniques For Specific Genera

Plant Genus	Seed	Stem Cutting	Leaf Cutting	Grafting	Tuber, Bulbil, and Offset Division
Agave	X				X
Aloe	X	X			x
Bryophyllum	X	X	X		X
Cereus	X	x		X
Ceropegia	X				X
Chamaecereus	X			X
Echinocactus	X			X
Echinopsis	X	X		X	X
Epiphytic cacti	X	X		X
Eriocactus	X			X
Espotoa	X			X
Euphorbia	X	X
Gasteria	X		X
Graptopetalum	X	X	X		X
Gymnocalycium	X			X
Haworthia	X		X		X
Kalanchoe	X	X			X
Lobivia	X			X
Mammillaria	X	X		X	X
Melanocactus	X			X
Neoporteria	X
Notocactus	X	X		X
Opuntia	X	X
Rebutia	X			X
Sansevieria	X	X
Sedum	X	X	X
Stapeliads	X	X
Sulcorebutia	X			X
Trichocereus	X	X

Techniques of Cacti and Succulent Propagation

Propagation by Seed

	Soil Mix:
		60-75% Crushed lava rock, sand, charcoal, pumice, or Perlite (if none of the others are available)

		25-40% completely decomposed potting soil or garden loam

		A proportionally small amount of general granular plant fertilizer. (e.g. 1 tsp. fertilizer to 1 or 2 cups soil mix). Any more than this will acidify the soil considerably and burn the roots of your plant.

		Inorganic top dressing such as sand or small rocks (e.g. aquarium rock, fine gravel)

Step 1			Step 2

Step 3			Step 4

Step 5			Tiny seedling roots

Step 6			Step 7

Always begin with fresh, dry seed.

Step 1: Fill a small pot to the brim with specialty cactus soil, or mix your own. Gently press the soil down to level it off. Inorganic grit, sand, or pumice gives the soil the appropriate drainage and aeration. This type of soil composition is mandatory for cactus and succulent growth.

Step 2: Just before you are ready to plant the seeds, soak them in warm water for 30 minutes or so. This loosens up the seed coat, and activates germination. Opuntia species have very tough seed coats and require a few days of soaking in warm water. After you have soaked the seeds, sprinkle them across the top of the level soil. Do not press the seed into the soil unless the seed is exceedingly large.

Step 3: Gently sprinkle just enough inorganic top dressing over the top of the soil and the seed to cover completely. Try not to bury the seed in the top dressing. Water carefully and allow the pot to drain completely.

A NOTE ABOUT WATERING: The use of distilled or fresh water is imperative, as to help prevent bacterial and algal growth during step four. If your tap water tastes of chlorine, it is too chlorinated for your plants and you should consider using distilled water. The chlorine will burn the tender young roots and can cause iron chlorosis, adversely affecting or terminating growth. Careful watering can be done by either by letting the pot stand in half it’s height of tepid water for a few minutes, or by gently watering from the top, taking care not to wash away the top dressing. In both cases, allow the pot to drain completely.

Step 4: Cover and seal the pot with some sort of plastic container which allows light to filter through. This could be a supported plastic bag, sealed around the pot with rubber bands, or a plastic tub as shown in the picture. The idea is to create an environment that will trap heat and moisture-just like a greenhouse. Many things will work, be ingenious and creative! However, be careful not to leave the seedling pot standing in water. Transfer the pot to an area with bright indirect light of about 70 degrees F if you have chosen a plastic cover which is clear and colorless. If you have chosen a container that is clear but colored, say blue or green, you will want to place it in a location with a little more light and don’t increase the temperature. If you have chosen a container which is slightly fogged or cloudy, you will want to place it in a cooler location, 65 degrees F, which gets at least 4 and no more than 8 hours of direct sun, with the remainder of the day in bright indirect light. Remember, late morning and afternoon sun is considerably hotter than early morning or early evening sun. In general, think of the plastic container as if it were sunscreen. Clear-colorless plastic allows the most light to penetrate, clear-colored plastic allows a little less light to pass through, and fogged-colorless plastic allows even less light to infiltrate. In all cases, the inside of the plastic container will heat up. Be careful not to fry your tender young plants! If the walls of your container lose moisture and become dry during germination, water sparingly, reseal, and return to warm well-lit location. If algal growth sets in, remove the cover and allow the seedling pot to air out a little while wiping the cover down with a no more than 1 part bleach to twenty parts water solution (5% bleach in water). Allow the cover to dry. Recover and seal the seedling pot and transfer back to a warm and well-lit location. Continue to clean the plastic container as necessary.

Step 5: Although above ground the newly sprouted seedlings appear to be well on their way, below ground they have disproportionably small root systems and cannot readily absorb the nutrients they require to flourish into maturity. Therefore the seedlings should be kept in plastic container, at high humidity until they are nearly overgrown. High humidity facilitates water and nutrient absorption in the roots and through the leaves until proper roots systems establish.

Step 6: After the seedlings have overgrown, protect your fingers by wearing gloves, or wrapping them with tape, and gently remove each seedling from the original nursing pot. This is much easier if the soil has remained moist.

Step 7: Gently repot the seedling into a pot filled level, and to the brim, with cactus potting soil, and top dress with sand, gravel, or pumice. Water three or four days later. Do not return the cactus to the plastic humidity chamber.

Propagation of Stem Cuttings

	Soil Mix:
		80-95% Crushed lava rock, sand, charcoal, pumice, or Perlite

		5-20% completely decomposed potting soil or garden loam

		Inorganic top dressing such as sand or small rocks (e.g. aquarium rock, fine gravel)

Cacti Species Step 1			Succulent Species Step 1

Epiphyte Species Step 1			Step 2

Cacti Species Step 3			Succulent Species Step 3

Epiphyte Species Step 3			Step 4

Stem Cuttings should normally be taken at the end of the dormant period or at the very beginning of active growth in the spring, but can also be done in the summer. Although the techniques for propagation are essentially the same, because the growth habits of cacti and succulents are so different, I have included images representative of three major growth habits.

Step 1: Protect your fingers, if necessary, by wearing gloves, or wrapping them with tape. Using a sharp, razor blade or knife sterilized with alcohol, remove a stem cutting off of the parent plant. It is important to make a clean cut. Pruning shears crush tissues and a simple tear gives jagged edges. Both usually do not heal fast enough for the cutting to survive without water during the callusing stage. Avoid taking long stem cuttings. They don’t root out well. It is best it take shorter cuttings from new, active growing, vigorous shoots. Remove the lower leaves, leaving two to four inches of bare stem exposed. Dip the stem of the cutting in a rooting hormone, and let it sit out in warm air so that it can form a callus. This should take a few days to a week. Columnar cacti should be sustained in an upright position during callus formation, to prevent stem arching toward light sources.

Step 2: Fill a small pot to the brim with specialty cactus soil with extra grit added, or mix your own from scratch. Gently press the soil down to level it off. Inorganic grit, sand, or pumice gives the soil the appropriate drainage and aeration. This type of soil composition is mandatory for cactus and succulent growth.

Step 3: Again, protect your fingers if necessary, and plant the callused stem cutting in the prepared potting mix and top dress to prevent soil loss. Water succulents immediately, and wait a few days before watering cacti. Place the potted cutting in a warm, bright, airy, location and keep moderately moist.

Step 4: After several weeks, the cutting should have established a good root system and can be transferred into a larger container filled with specialty cacti potting soil, or 3 parts inorganic grit to 1 part fully decomposed garden loam, and top-dress. Water succulents immediately, and wait a few days before watering cacti. Transfer the newly potted plant to a warm, bright, airy, location.

Propagation of Leaf Cuttings

	Soil Mix:
		60-75% Crushed lava rock, sand, charcoal, pumice, or Perlite (if none of the others are available)

		25-40% completely decomposed potting soil or garden loam

		Inorganic top dressing such as sand or small rocks (e.g. aquarium rock, fine gravel)


Step 1			Step 2

Step 3			Step 4

Step 5			Step 6

Just like stem cuttings, leaf cuttings should normally be taken at the end of the dormant period or at the very beginning of active growth in the spring. Although the techniques for propagation are essentially the same, because the growth habits of cacti and succulents are so different, I have included images representative of three major growth habits.

Step 1: Using a sharp, razor blade or knife sterilized with alcohol, remove a single leaf cutting off of the parent plant. It is important to make a clean cut. Pruning shears crush tissues and a simple tear gives jagged edges. Both usually do not heal fast enough for the cutting to survive without water during the callusing stage. Avoid taking leaves from the base of the plant. They don’t root out well. It is best it take leaf cuttings from new, active growing, vigorous shoots. Dip the base of the leaf cutting in a rooting hormone, and let it sit out in warm air so that it can form a callus. This should take a few days to a week. It has been my experience that if a leaf cutting begins to wilt during callus formation, it doesn’t root very easily. Allow the leaf to sit just long enough for the cutting wound to heal or scab over.

Step 2: Fill a small pot to the brim with specialty cactus soil, or mix your own from scratch. Gently press the soil down to level it off. Inorganic grit, sand, or pumice gives the soil the appropriate drainage and aeration. This type of soil composition is mandatory for healthy cactus and succulent growth.

Step 3: Plant the callused leaf cutting in the prepared potting mix and top dress to prevent soil loss. Water your succulent leaf cuttings immediately and allow the pot to drain completely. Place the potted cutting in a warm, airy, location with at least 8 hours of bright indirect light and keep moderately moist. Consider misting the cutting with a squirt bottle filled with distilled water once a day.

Step 4: After several weeks, the cutting should have established a good root system and can be transferred into a larger container filled with specialty cacti potting soil, or you can mix your own, and top-dress. Water succulents immediately upon replanting. Transfer the newly potted plant to a warm, bright, airy, location.

Propagation by Grafting

Equipment:

Tape, gloves, or tongs

Sharp knife or razor blade cleaned and sterilized with alcohol

Established, healthy scion compatible root stock

Scion

Rubber bands

Rootstock		Compatible scions
Hylocereus trigonus		Gymnocalycium mihanovichii
		Chamaecereus silvestrii
		Gymnocalycium denudatum
		Eriocactus leninghausii
		Cereus cristata
		Notocactus scopa
		Mammillaria theresae
		Sulcorebutia rauschii
As reported by:		ABC Farms, Korea.
Hylocereus undatus		Epiphytic cactifs
		Most cylindrical and globular cacti
As reported by:		Pizzetti-Simon and Schuster
Cereus peruvianus		Melanocactus spp.
		Rebutia muscula
		Gymnocalycium mihanovichii cv. 'Hibotan'
As reported by:		Kein Hong
Trichocereus spachianus		Cereus spp.
		Espotoa spp.
		Echinocactus spp.
		Lobivia spp.
		Melanocactus spp.
As reported by:		Pizzetti-Simon and Schuster

Grafting is a technique that unites the cambium, or vascular systems, of two related species, a rootstock and a scion, to create one plant. Grafting is also done to provide finicky ornamental plant varieties (scions) with a more established, hardy, and vigorous root system (rootstock) fsso that they can survive a greater variety of environmental conditions. Also, grafting can increase the growth rate of the scion species by nearly ten-fold! Therefore, grafting is often done in industry to rapidly increase stock of a slow growing and finicky varieties. There are entire factories in Korea and Japan devoted solely to the quick production of slow growing, ornamental varieties by means of grafting!

Grafting requires a hardy rootstock which is compatible with the desired propagation candidate. This compatibility is very important. Without it, success in grafting in unlikely. For cacti and succulents the following rules and successful grafts have been reported in a table to the left.

Grafting is most successful when performed at the brink of an active growing season. Work with clean hands and in a clean work space. It is imperative to work quickly. These precautions will help to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination.

Don’t know technique of grafting to use? Cleft grafts are typically used for scions with a flat or stem-like body shape. Flat grafts on the other hand, are used for more globular or columnar-shaped scions.

The Flat Graft:
Step 1:	Step 2:

Step 3	Step 4

Step 5	Step 6

Step 7

The Flat Graft

Step 1: Protect your fingers, if necessary, by wearing gloves, or wrapping them with tape. Using a sharp knife sterilized with alcohol, make a level cut across the entire diameter of the root stock. It is important to make a quick and clean cut. Pruning shears crush tissues and product jagged edges that do not allow for proper cambium contact and will not callus.

Step 2: Quickly cut a 45 degree angle bevel at the perimeter edge of the previous cut on the rootstock. This cut facilitates proper cambium contact, and callus formation. Make sure the center is still flat. Do not cut the top to a point.

Step 3: Using a sharp knife sterilized with alcohol, make a level cut across the entire diameter of the scion in the same manner as done on the root stock. It is important that the rootstock and scion cuts are of nearly the same diameter. Otherwise, the cambium vascular systems will not line up and your graft will not succeed.

Step 4: Quickly cut a 45 degree bevel on the base of scion in the same manner as done on the rootstock. This cut facilitates proper cambium contact, and callus formation. Make sure the center is still flat. Do not cut the base to a point.

Step 5: Now that the initial incisions have been made. Make one final thin slice across the flat center of both pieces to expose fresh flesh. Place the freshly cut scion on top of the fresh cut rootstock, and line up the pieces so that the center diameters of each piece match.

Step 6: Use a couple of rubber bands to hold the scion and the rootstock together secure. Do not use plastic tape, and it is best to not use pins. Transfer bright, warm, dry location, free of direct sun. Do not water until the pieces grow together and a callus has formed. This should happen within a couple of weeks.

Step 7: The pieces should grow together within a couple of weeks. At this point it is safe to carefully remove the rubber bands and it is now okay to water, but do so sparingly.

The Cleft Graft
Step 1	Step 2

Step 3	Step 4

Step 5	Step 6

The Cleft Graft

Step 1: Protect your fingers, if necessary, by wearing gloves, or wrapping them with tape. Using a sharp knife or razor blade sterilized with alcohol, make a level cut across the entire diameter of the root stock, and then make a cleft incision into the leveled top, directly through the diameter. It is important to make a quick and clean cut. Pruning shears crush tissues and product jagged edges that do not allow for proper cambium contact and will not callus.

Step 2: Make a ½ inch cleft incision (varies depending on the size of scion and root stock) into the leveled top, directly through the diameter. Again, it is important to make a quick and clean cut.

Step 3: Remove section of vigorous growing stem, with a leaf or two, from a scion plant just above a stem joint. Avoid taking stems from the base of the plant. They don’t root out well. It is best it take short cuttings from new, active growing, vigorous shoots.

Step 4: Taper the cut on both sides of the base of the scion so that it is angled and wedge shaped and no more than ½ inch, or the depth of your cleft, of flesh is showing. Both flat sides of the scion should have flesh exposed, but one lateral edge should be thicker than the other. These cuts facilitate proper cambium contact, and callus formation with the root stock.

Step 5: Insert the tapered and wedge shaped scion into the cleft incision on the root stock until all of the flesh on the scion is covered up, and so that the thicker lateral edge is lined up with the outer edge of the rootstock and the thinner scion edge is oriented inward toward center of the rootstock.

Step 6: Cut a thick rubber band so that you have one long strip of rubber. Wrap the graft union to secure and cover completely to protect from infection. Careful not to wrap too tightly, as this can damage tissue and cause vascular strangulation. Transfer to a dry and shaded location. Peak under the rubber bands once a week to see if a callus has formed. When the callus has formed, gently remove the rubber bandage, and acclimate to brighter light conditions slowly.

Propagation by Division: Bulbils, Tubers, Plantlets, and Offsets

	Soil Mix:
		80-95% Crushed lava rock, sand, charcoal, pumice, or Perlite

		5-20% completely decomposed potting soil or garden loam

		A proportionally small amount of general granular plant fertilizer. (e.g. 1/2 tsp. fertilizer to 1 or 2 cups soil mix). Any more than this will acidify the soil considerably and burn the roots of your plant.

		In organic top dressing such as sand or small rocks (e.g. aquarium rock, fine gravel)

Division of Cacti Offsets
Step 1			Step 2						Step 3

Division of Succulent Offests
Step 1					Step 2 Callus Formation		Step 3

Division of Sansevieria spp. Offsets
Step 1						Step 2

Division of Ceropegia spp. Tubers
Step 1				Step 2				Step 3

Step 1: Protect your fingers by wearing gloves, or wrapping them with tape, and gently remove each offspring from the parent plant. This is much easier if the soil is moist.

Step 2: Allow the offspring and the parent plant to callus

Step 3: Fill a small pot to the brim with specialty cactus soil with extra grit added, or mix your own from scratch. Gently press the soil down to level it off. Inorganic grit, sand, or pumice gives the soil the appropriate drainage and aeration. This type of soil composition is mandatory for cactus and succulent growth.

Step 4: Protect your fingers by wearing gloves, or wrapping them with tape, and repot the seedling, and top dress with sand, gravel, or pumice. Water three or four days later. Transfer to a warm, dry, location with bright indirect light.

Source Reference List

Image or Information	Source
ABC Farms cactus factory: Grafted Gymncalyciums Photos, and Rootstock-Scion Compatibility	http://www.abccactus.com/
Agave ghiesbrechtii	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_a.html
Agave gypsophila	www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jankol/
Agave victoria reginae	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_a.html
Aloe barbadensis	http://blankees.com/house/plants/aloe_b.htm
Aporocactus flagelliformis	http://members.austarmetro.com.au/~cactus/catty.html
Asclepiadaceae spp.	www.evergrowing.com/tips/hoya.htm
Botany, Classification, and General Reference and Propagation How to Photos	Anderson, Miles. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Cacti and Succulents. Anness Publishing Ltd., New York, 1999. pp. 18-23
Cereus spp.	www.columnar-cacti.org/
Ceropegia spp.	www.flash.net/~colsage/cero/cedex.htm
Crassula argentea	http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Crassulaceae/Crassula_argentea.html
Cymnocalycium spp.	http://skyboom.com/cactus143/cact6.htm
Echinopsis obrepanda v. purpurea	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_e.html
Euphorbia ingens	http://www.cacti.com/html/Euphorbias.html
Euphorbia millii var. tenuispina	http://www.euphorbia.de/fd.htm
Gasteria nigrans	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_g.html
General Reference	Hartmann, H.T; Kester, D.E.; Davies Jr., F.T; Geneve, R.L.. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices 6th Ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1997.
General Reference And Propagation How to Photos	Hewitt, Terry. 101 Essential Tips: Cacti and Succulents. DK Publishing, Inc., New York, 1996. pp. 50-57
General Reference and Rootstock-Scion Compatibility	Pizzetti, Mariella. Simon an Schuster's Guide to Cacti and Succulents. Simon and Schuster Inc., New York, 1999
Graft-Final Stage	http://members.tripod.com/~KeinHong/grafting.html
Grafting Step 1- Rootstock-Scion compatibility	http://www.desertcacti.com/flatgraft.html
Grafting Step 2	http://www.desertcacti.com/flatgraft.html
Grafting Step 3	http://www.desertcacti.com/flatgraft.html
Grafting Step 4	http://www.desertcacti.com/flatgraft.html
Graptopetalum parauayense	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_g.html
Haworthia attenuata v. caepitosa	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_h.html
Haworthia truncata	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_h.html
Kalanchoe 'Crenatodaigremontianum' aka Brylophyllum spp.	http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/6400/kalanchoe/kalanchoe.html
Kalanchoe daigremontian	http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Crassulaceae/Kalanchoe_daigremontiana.html
Kalanchoe tomentosa	http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/6400/kalanchoe/kalanchoe.html
Mammillaria albilanata	http://www.cactuspro.com/identification3.php
Mammillaria cruigera	www.members.tripod.com/Rovsek/CactusBase/z_seznam_kartic_m.html
Myrtillocactus spp.	http://www.cactuscollection.net/cacti/myrtillocactus/mgeometrizans/mgeometrizans.htm
Notocactus haselbergii	http://members.austarmetro.com.au/~cactus/catty.html
Opuntia rufida	http://lroach.uneb.edu/more1.htm
Other Information	http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/index.html
Other Information	http://www.cactus-mall.com/index.html
Seedling Establishment Photo Step 5	http://members.tripod.com/~KeinHong/gallery-jan2000i.html
Seedling Wet house Photo Step 6	http://members.tripod.com/~KeinHong/gallery-jan2000i.html
Yucca spp.	http://www.overthegardengate.net/garden/archives/template.asp?linkid=381

Preface

Which Method for What Species?

Can’t find what you are looking for?

Index of Recommended Propagation Techniques For Specific Genera

Techniques of Cacti and Succulent Propagation

Propagation by Seed

Propagation of Stem Cuttings

Propagation of Leaf Cuttings

Propagation by Grafting

Propagation by Division: Bulbils, Tubers, Plantlets, and Offsets

Source Reference List